Surveillance of Major Canine Pathogens in Feral Dogs and Big Cats at the Domestic-Wildlife Interface in Panna Tiger Reserve, India

The present study was conducted at Panna Tiger Reserve of Madhya Pradesh for sero-surveillance for canine parvovirus (CPV), canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine adenovirus (CAV) infections in feral dogs. Biological samples were also collected from the wild carnivore species which were immobilized or died during the study period. Serum samples were subjected for detection of IgG antibodies against CPV, CDV and CAV infections. Additionally biological samples of wild carnivores were subjected to molecular diagnosis of CPV and CDV genes. Seroprevalence for CPV, CDV and CAV infections was observed as 3.5%, 4.4% and 0.89%, respectively, whereas for mixed infections of CPV+CDV, CPV+CAV, CDV+CAV and CPV+CDV+CAV, it was observed as 48.2%, 1.7%, 4.4% and 36.6%, respectively. Sex wise, age wise and distance wise seroprevalence was non-significant in the present study. Seroprevalence for CPV, CDV and CAV infections in cats was observed as 50%, 100 % and 0%, whereas in wild carnivores, it was observed as 100%, 90% and 0% respectively. PCR based diagnosis in the wild carnivore also revealed CDV positive cases. Serological and genomic evidence of pathogens in dogs-cats of buffer villages and wild carnivores of Panna tiger reserve indicated that the viruses may pose a high risk of spillover to wild carnivores. Study also indicated that dog population is immuned to major infectious diseases but can be a threat to the compromised wild carnivore species including tigers

Diseases of wild birds in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Doenças de aves silvestres no sul do Rio Grande do Sul

Necropsy protocols of the "Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico" of "Faculdade de Veterinária" of the "Universidade Federal de Pelotas" were reviewed, ranging the period from 2000 to 2018. Three hundred eighty one necropsies, 25 refrigerated and/or formaline fixed organs, and seven biopsies were received, representing 413 samples. Most of these materials were sent by the "Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre" of "Universidade Federal de Pelotas" (NURFS-CETAS-UFPel) and were from municipalities within the range area of LRD-UFPel influence. Of the 413 cases 55 (13.31%) corresponded to metabolic/nutritional diseases; 50 (12.10%) to trauma; 35 (8.47%) to bacterial diseases/toxi-infections; 30 (7.26%) to parasitic diseases; 28 (6.77%) to fungal diseases; four (0.97%) to viral diseases and 17 (4.11%) to other diseases. Cases where it was not possible to determine the etiology, were in severe autolysis or were inconclusive totaled 194 (46.97%). Metabolic/nutritional diseases and traumatic injuries were the main cause of death in wild birds', being Passeriformes the most affected order.(AU)

Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo dos diagnósticos de causas de morte e de lesões em aves silvestres na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul de 2000 a 2018. Foram revisados os protocolos de necropsia e materiais de aves silvestres encaminhados ao Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas no período. Foram recebidos 381 cadáveres para necropsia, 25 órgãos refrigerados e/ou em formol e 7 biopsias, totalizando 413 materiais. A maioria desses materiais foi remetida pelo Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS-UFPel) e provenientes de municípios da área de influência do LRD-UFPel. Dos 413 casos 55 (13,31%) corresponderam a doenças metabólicas/nutricionais; 50 (12,10%) a traumas; 35 (8,47%) a doenças bacterianas/toxi-infecções; 30 (7,26%) a doenças parasitárias; 28 (6,77%) doenças fúngicas; 4 (0,97%) doenças virais e 17(4,12%) outras doenças que não se encaixavam nas categorias. Ainda em nos casos em que não foi possível determinar a etiologia, apresentaram autólise acentuada ou foram inconclusivos somaram 194 (46,97%). As doenças metabólicas/nutricionais e lesões traumáticas foram as principais causas de morte de aves silvestres, sendo a ordem mais afetada a Passeriformes.(AU)

Oral trichomoniasis in raptors in Southern Brazil / Tricomoníase oral em rapinantes no sul do Brasil

A retrospective study of oral trichomoniasis cases in raptors was carried out at "Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico" of "Faculdade de Veterinária" of "Universidade Federal de Pelotas" (LRD-UFPel) from December 2014 to August 2017. Seven necropsy reports were reviewed. All raptors including Falconiformes and Strigiformes orders were from periurban zones. Four birds were adults, and there was no apparent sex predisposition. Clinical signs included dysphagia, regurgitation, and anorexia. Gross lesions were characterized by multifocal yellow to coalescent caseous nodules adhered to the oral cavity, which extended to the entrance of the esophagus. Microscopically, the lesions were characterized by severe focally extensive heterophilic granulomatous stomatitis. Trichomonas gallinae was isolated in modified Diamond medium of all samples collected from birds. It is believed the transmission occurred by the predation of domestic pigeons (Columbia livia domestica) contaminated with T. gallinae that agglomerate in patios of grain processing complexes.(AU)

Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de casos de tricomoníase oral em rapinantes recebidos no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (LRD-UFPel) no período de dezembro de 2014 a agosto de 2017. Foram revisados os protocolos de necropsia encontrando-se sete casos. Os animais eram todos de zonas periurbanas e foram afetadas a ordem Falconiformes e a ordem Strigiformes. Das aves afetadas 4/7 eram adultas e não houve aparente predisposição por sexo. Os sinais clínicos incluíram disfagia, regurgitação e anorexia. As lesões se caracterizaram por nódulos amarelados multifocais a coalescentes aderidos a cavidade oral, que se estendiam até a entrada do esôfago. Histologicamente as lesões caracterizaram-se por estomatite heterofílica granulomatosa focalmente extensiva acentuada. Foi isolado em meio Diamond modificado Trichomonas gallinae de todas as amostras coletadas das aves. Acredita-se que a fonte de transmissão tenha ocorrido a partir da predação por estes rapinantes de pombas domésticas (Columbia livia domestica) portadoras com T. gallinae que se aglomeram em pátios de complexos de beneficiamento de grãos.(AU)

Depression and satisfaction in different domains of life in dual-earner families: A dyadic analysis / Depresión y satisfacción en diferentes dominios de la vida en familias con doble ingreso: Un análisis diádico

Abstract This study explored the spillover and crossover associations between depression and satisfaction with life, food-related life, and family life in dual-earner families. Questionnaires were administered to 303 dual-earner couples with adolescent children in Temuco, Chile. Both members of the couple answered the Depression Subscale of the Depression Anxiety and Stress scale - 21, Satisfaction with Life scale, Satisfaction with Food-related Life scale, and the Satisfaction with Family Life scale. Using the actor-partner interdependence model and structural equation modeling, we found that a man's depression was negatively associated with his own levels of satisfaction with life, family life, and food-related life as well as with his partner's (the woman's) levels of satisfaction with life and family life. The woman's depression was negatively associated with her own levels of satisfaction with life, family life, and food-related life as well as with her partner's (the man's) satisfaction with family life, but not with his level of life satisfaction. No crossover effects were found between the two members of the couple's depression and their satisfaction with food-related life. These findings suggest that to enhance overall life satisfaction as well as satisfaction in the family and food domains in dual-earner families, interventions to reduce depression should include both partners.

Resumen Este estudio exploró las asociaciones "spillover" y "crossover" entre la depresión y la satisfacción con la vida, con la alimentación y con la vida familiar en familias con doble ingreso. Se administraron cuestionarios a 303 parejas con doble ingreso e hijos adolescentes en Temuco, Chile. Ambos miembros de las parejas respondieron la subescala de Depresión de la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés - 21, Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida, Escala de Satisfacción con la Alimentación y la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida Familiar. Usando el modelo de interdependencia actor-compañero y ecuaciones estructurales, se encontró que la depresión en los hombres se asoció negativamente con sus propios niveles de satisfacción con la vida, con la vida familiar y con la alimentación, así como con los niveles satisfacción con la vida y la vida familiar de su pareja (la mujer). La depresión en mujeres se asoció negativamente con sus propios niveles de satisfacción con la vida, con la vida familiar y con la alimentación, así como con la satisfacción de su pareja (el hombre) con la vida familiar, pero no con su nivel de satisfacción con la vida. No se encontraron efectos cruzados entre la depresión los miembros de la pareja y su satisfacción con la alimentación. Estos hallazgos sugieren que para mejorar la satisfacción con la vida en general, así como la satisfacción en los dominios de la familia y la alimentación en familias doble ingreso, las intervenciones para reducir la depresión deben incluir a los dos miembros de la pareja.

Do multiple personal roles promote working energetically in female nurses? A cross-sectional study of relevant factors promoting work engagement in female nurses

BACKGROUND@#Like most women, female nurses in the workforce experience life events such as marriage, childbirth, and child-rearing, and carry out numerous personal roles. This may result in an increase in various demands for nurses, and coping with these roles may promote work engagement. However, few studies have focused on work engagement or spillover effects, including those in the family domain, in female nurses with multiple roles. In the present study, we aimed to examine work engagement in female nurses and investigate its relationship with factors such as the presence or absence of multiple personal roles.@*METHODS@#The subjects of this study were 1225 female nurses working at three general hospitals, each with at least 200 hospital beds in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. The cross-sectional design of the study used anonymous self-administered questionnaires. Responses were received from 650 nurses (response rate 53.1%), of which 612 were valid (valid response rate 50.0%). Multiple regression analysis was performed on the 612 responses regarding associations between work engagement and the presence or absence of multiple roles (role as a wife or mother), spillover effects, coping characteristics, job demands, and job resources.@*RESULTS@#In general, the work engagement of female nurses was low, as is the case with other female workers in Japan, but work engagement was higher among female nurses with multiple roles than among those without. The regression analysis showed that factors associated with better work engagement in female nurses were family-to-work positive spillover, job resources, coping strategies including "changing a point of view," "active solution for problems," "avoidance and suppression," and the presence of multiple roles.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The results indicate that in addition to resources in the work domain, a family-to-work positive spillover effect, which is a variable in the non-work domain, may also promote energetic work among female nurses. Therefore, it is necessary for nurses to receive support at work and use effective coping strategies.

Effect analysis on technical innovation of clinical medicine resources in Beijing / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective Evaluate the status quo and spillover effects of clinical medical resources in Beijing,to find solu tions for promoting clinical resources of the hospital and transformation of clinical research.Methods By analyzing the patents,clinical trials and clinical research transformation cases of hospitals in Beijing,and comparing with advanced area at home and abroad,identify the factors that restrict the spillover of clinical resources,analyzed the role of medical institutions in the health system.Results Compare with the advanced level of abroad,there is a lot of space for improvement in Clinical resource output and industry support in Beijing.Beijing's hospital patent amounts has reached a certain scale,however,the number and growth rate of patents is lower than Shanghai.The patents in different hospitals varies greatly,which indicating that the hospital's emphasis on technological innovation and the overall transformation of results management are varied a lot,and overall,Beijing is lack of a unified policy at the regional level.Beijing is the most concentrated area of clinical medicine resources in China.The number of clinical trials carried out surpasses Shanghai and Tokyo in the forefront in Asia,but there is still a large gap to the international advanced region.Conclusions Hospitals is important in the health innovation system,It is recommended to strengthen the clinical innovation policy guarantee and talent construction,promote the patent-based medical results spillover,and establish a virtuous cycle of clinical resource technology innovation

Blackleg in a free-range brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) / Carbúnculo sintomático em veado virá de vida livre (Mazama gouazoubira)

A case of blackleg in a brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) associated with trauma from being hit by a car in southern Rio Grande do Sul is reported. The clinical signs included fever, dehydration and lethargy that worsened progressively until 36 hours after the accident, when the animal died. In the fore right limb, there was a comminuted closed fracture of the radius and ulna but no skin wounds were observed. Grossly, the musculature of the pelvic limbs presented hemorrhage, edema and emphysema. Microscopically, the muscles of both rear legs had necrosis, edema, hemorrhage and mild inflammatory infiltration of neutrophils. Clostridium chauvoei was cultured from affected skeletal muscles, and it was also detected by immunohistochemistry, confirming a diagnosis of blackleg. The overlapping habitat of cattle and brown brocket deer is proposed as a predisposing factor in this case and alerts to spillover cases maybe happening in this region. In addition, blackleg should be included as differential diagnoses of deer with post-traumatic myositis.(AU)

Descreve-se um caso de carbúnculo sintomático em um veado-virá (Mazama gouazoubira), macho, jovem, resgatado após atropelamento em uma rodovia na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. O cervídeo apresentou febre, desidratação e letargia, progredindo para a morte em 36 horas. No membro torácico direito foi observado fratura cominutiva fechada de rádio e ulna sem a presença de feridas perfurantes. Na necropsia foi observada hemorragia, edema e enfisema na musculatura dos membros pélvicos. Microscopicamente, os músculos dos membros pélvicos apresentaram necrose, edema, hemorragia e discreto infiltrado inflamatório neutrofílico. Houve o isolamento de Clostridium chauvoei e marcação positiva na técnica de IHQ com anticorpo monoclonal anti-C. chauvoei, confirmando o diagnóstico de carbúnculo sintomático. A sobreposição de habitat entre bovinos domésticos e cervídeos pode ser um fator de risco para esta doença e chama a atenção para casos de "spillover" que podem estar ocorrendo na região. Adicionalmente, sugere-se que o carbúnculo sintomático seja incluído nos diagnósticos diferenciais de cervídeos que apresentam miosite pós-traumática.(AU)

Movimentos sociais e contexto político: entrevista com David S. Meyer / Social movements and Political context: interview with David S. Meyer / Movimientos sociales y contexto político: entrevista con David S. Meyer / Mouvements sociaux et contexte politique: entretien avec David S. Meyer

David S. Meyer dedicou sua carreira ao estudo de movimentos sociais. Alinhados teoricamente às chamadas "teorias do processo político", seus trabalhos enfatizam a relação entre movimentos sociais e o contexto político-institucional no qual agem, bem como analisam as relações sincrônicas e diacrônicas existentes entre movimentos sociais. Nessa entrevista, Meyer fala sobre suas principais pesquisas empíricas, entre elas, seu estudo sobre o Movimento pela Paralisação das Armas Nucleares nos Estados Unidos. Meyer reflete, ainda, sobre as principais contribuições teóricas de seu trabalho e da abordagem contextual como um todo para o estudo de movimentos sociais e sobre como a pesquisa acadêmica pode contribuir para o ativismo político.

David S. Meyer has dedicated his career to social movement studies. Theoretically aligned to the "political process theories", his research gives emphasis to the connection between social movements and the institutional political environment in which they act, as well as to the synchronic and diachronic relations between movements. In this interview, Meyer talks about his main empirical investigations, among them, his study on the Nuclear Freeze Movement in the United States. Meyer also talks about the main theoretical contributions of his research and of the contextual framework as a whole to the study of social movements, Finally, the author talks about how academic research can contribute for political activism.

David S. Meyer dedicó su carrera al estudio de los movimientos sociales. Alineados teóricamente a las llamadas "teorías del proceso político", sus trabajos enfatizan la relación entre los movimientos sociales y el contexto político-institucional en que actúan, así como analizan las relaciones sincrónicas y diacrónicas existentes entre movimientos sociales. En esa entrevista, Meyer habla sobre sus principales investigaciones empíricas, entre ellas, su estudio sobre el Movimiento por la Paralización de las Armas Nucleares en los Estados Unidos. Meyer también habla sobre las principales contribuciones teóricas de su trabajo y del enfoque contextual como un todo para el estudio de movimientos sociales y sobre cómo la investigación académica puede contribuir el activismo político.

David S. Meyer a consacré sa carrière à l'étude des mouvements sociaux. Alignés théoriquement avec les "théories du processus politique", ses travaux mettent l'accent sur la relation entre les mouvements sociaux et le contexte politique-institutionnel dans lequel ils agissent, et analysent les relations synchroniques et diachroniques existant entre les mouvements sociaux. Dans cette entretien, Meyer présente ses principales recherches empiriques, notamment son étude sur le Mouvement pour le Gel Nucléaire aux États-Unis. Meyer réfléchit également sur les principales contributions théoriques de son travail et de l'approche contextuelle pour l'étude des mouvements sociaux et sur comment la recherche scientifique peut contribuer à l'activisme politique.

Da Saúde Pública à homofobia: spillover e as transformações nas reivindicações do movimento LGBT em interações com o Estado / From Public Health to homophobia: spillover and grievance transformation in interactions between LGBT activists and the Brazilian State / De la Salud Pública a la homofobia: spillover y las transformaciones en las demandas del movimiento LGBT en interacciones con el Estado brasileño / De la Santé Publique à l'Homophobie: spillover et les transformations des revindications du mouvement LGBT dans les interactions avec l'État brésilien

Durante a década de 1990, ativistas LGBT engajados nas chamadas ONG-AIDS criaram importantes redes de relação com o Estado no Brasil. Nessas interações, questões vinculadas à saúde justificaram e legitimaram suas reivindicações. A moldura da saúde pública - desenvolvida em grande medida pelo movimento de reforma sanitária - moldou as percepções dos ativistas sobre políticas públicas na área da saúde. Transformações nessas interações ocorreram na década seguinte. Como apontou Sérgio Carrara, a sexualidade se tornou cada vez mais um plano específico de exercício de direitos, não mais vinculada necessariamente a considerações relativas à saúde ou à demografia. Ativistas passaram a usar a moldura da homofobia em suas interações para interpretar a violência e o preconceito contra pessoas LGBT. Que processos moldaram essa transformação nas reivindicações dos ativistas? Este artigo argumenta que a moldura da homofobia foi parcialmente construída por um processo de spillover entre o movimento sanitarista e o movimento LGBT. Nesse processo, a moldura da saúde pública ofereceu e legitimou princípios normativos e visões sobre problemas sociais que foram apropriados criativamente por ativistas LGBT na formação de sua moldura da homofobia.

In the decade of 1990, LGBT activists, engaged in the so-called AIDS-NGOs, created important net-works with the State in Brazil. In these interactions, health issues justified and legitimized their grievances. The "public health" frame - mainly developed by the sanitary reform movement - shaped activist's perceptions about health policy. But transformations in these interactions occurred in the following decade. How affirmed Sergio Carrara, sexuality increasingly became an independent and specific dimension of the practice of rights, no more necessarily connected to health concerns. Activists started using the "homophobia" frame in these interactions to interpret violence and prejudice suffered by the LGBT population. Which processes shaped this grievance transformation? This article argues that the homophobia frame was partially shaped by a spillover process between the sanitary reform movement and the LGBT movement. In this process, the public health frame offered and legitimized normative principles and theories about social problems that were creatively used by LGBT activists to form their homophobia frame.

En la década de 1990, activistas LGBT de las ONGs-SIDA crearan importantes redes con el Estado en Brasil. En estas interacciones, temas conectados a la salud justificaran y legitimaran sus demandas. El encuadre de la "salud pública" - desarrollado principalmente por el movimiento de reforma sanitaria - conformó las percepciones de los activistas sobre las políticas de salud. Sin embargo, transformaciones en estas interacciones ocurrieran en la década siguiente. Como ha afirmado Sergio Carrara, la sexualidad se ha tornado una dimensión específica y independiente del ejercicio de derechos, no más necesariamente conectada a consideraciones relativas a salud y a demografía. Activistas empezaran a utilizar el encuadre de la "homofobia" para interpretar los prejuicios y la violencia sufrida por la población LGBT. Qué procesos amoldaran esa transformación en las demandas? Este artículo propone que el enmarcado de la homofobia fue parcialmente moldado por un proceso de spillover entre el movimiento de reforma sanitaria y el movimiento LGBT. En ese proceso, el marco de la salud pública ha ofrecido y legitimado principios normativos y teorías sobre problemas sociales que fueran utilizadas de forma creativa por las activistas LGBT en la formación de su moldura de la homofobia.

Au cours des années 1990, des militants LGBT engagés dans les NGO-AIDS ont crée d'importants réseaux de relations avec l'État au Brésil. Dans ces interactions, les problèmes de santé justifiaient et légitimaient leurs revendications. Le cadre de la santé publique - développé principalement par le mouvement de la réforme sanitaire - a façonné les perceptions des militants à propos des politiques publiques de santé. Transformations dans ces interactions sont survenues au cours de la décennie suivante. Comme l'a souligné Sérgio Carrara, la sexualité est devenue de plus en plus un plan spécifique pour l'exercice des droits, qui n'est plus nécessairement lié à des considérations sanitaires ou démographiques. Les activistes ont commencé à utiliser le cadre de l'homophobie dans leurs interactions pour interpréter la violence et les préjugés contre les personnes LGBT. Quels processus ont façonné cette transformation dans les revendications des activistes? Cet article soutient que le cadre de l'homophobie a été partiellement construit par un processus de "spillover" entre le mouvement de la réforme sanitaire et le mouvement LGBT. Dans ce processus, le cadre de la santé publique a offert et légitimé des principes normatifs et des visions sur les problèmes sociaux qui ont été appropriés de manière créative par les activistes LGBT pour façonner leur cadre d'homophobie.

Research on the Spatial Spillover Effects of Medical and Health Resources on the Hospital Innovation / 中国医院管理

Objective To study the spatial spillover effects of medical and health resources on the hospital innovation.Methods Based on panel data of 31 provinces of China from 2000 to 2014,and with the method of Spatial Durbin Model(SDM),the paper does the regression with the sample of all provinces,eastern,central and western provinces,through using provincial patent number as explained variable,and using the provincial medical institutions of beds,per capita GDP,health care spending as explanatory variables.Results Medical and health resources have a significant role in promoting the hospital innovation,not only for local province but also for adjacent provinces,namely there is spillover effect;the promotion effect of medical resources for local and neighbouring province hospital innovation is almost the same;for eastern and central provinces,there is a positive effect of medical resources to hospital innovation,and for central province,the spillover effects exist.Conclusion The medical and health resources should be further increased,a provincial communication platform of resources and innovation be built,the east and western provinces spillover effect be promoted,to drive the reform of the supply side with innovation.

The Effect of Mandatory Diagnosis-Related Groups Payment System / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: The voluntary diagnosis-related groups (DRG)-based payment system was introduced in 2002 and the government mandated participation in the DRG for all hospitals from July 2013. The main purpose of this study is to examine the independent effect of mandatory participation in DRG on various outcomes of patients. METHODS: This study collected 1,809,948 inpatient DRG data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment database which contains medical information for all patients for the period 2007 to 2014 and examined patient outcomes such as length of stay (LOS), total medical cost, spillover, and readmission rate according to hospital size. RESULTS: LOS of patients decreased after DRGs (large hospitals: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-0.97; small hospitals: aOR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.91-0.92). The total medical cost of patients increased after DRGs (large hospitals: aOR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.14-1.30; small hospitals: aOR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.21-1.23). The results reveals that spillover of patients increased after DRGs (large hospitals: aOR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.70-2.33; small hospitals: aOR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.16-1.20). Finally, we found that readmission rates of patients decreased significantly after DRGs (large hospitals: aOR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.26-0.29; small hospitals: aOR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.56-0.63). CONCLUSION: The DRG payment system compared to fee-for-service payment in South Korea may be an alternative medical price policy which can reduce the LOS. However, government need to monitor inappropriate changes such as spillover increase. Since this study also is the results based on relatively simple surgery, insurer needs to compare or review bundled payment like new DRG for expansion of various inpatient-related diseases including internal medicine.

Detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a cattle/pudu interface / Detecção de mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis em uma interface gado/pudu

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis. In Chile, information about Map isolation from both domestic ruminant and wildlife species has been accumulating, but it has to be extended to other species. The present study focuses specifically on one wild grazing species, the pudu (Pudu puda), one of the less known South American deer considered an endangered species that shares pastures with cattle in southern Chile, where the greatest part of the country's dairy cattle population is located. Convenient samples from 3 pudus were collected from one dairy farm where Map infection had previously been confirmed in cattle. All three pudus shed the bacterium in feces and the isolates are the same type of Map as described for cattle. This study represents the first case report of Map isolation in the pudu captured from the wild. It is also the first documented association between a Map-infected dairy herd and free-ranging wildlife species, such as pudu in the Los Ríos region, Chile. Since interspecies transmission of Map and other pathogens from livestock to pudu has already been demonstrated, the results from this study suggest that this free-ranging wildlife specie, inhabiting a dairy district in southern Chile, might represent another case of spillover host.

O agente etiológico da paratuberculose é o Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). No Chile, já foi gerada informação do isolamento do Map em ruminantes domésticos e em algumas espécies selvagens, porém essa informação deve ser expandida a outras espécies. O presente estudo está focado na espécie selvagem herbívora, o Pudu (Pudu puda), que é considerado um dos cervos menos conhecidos da América do Sul, e que está em extinção. Essa espécie compartilha as pastagens com o gado no sul do Chile, local do país onde está concentrada a maior parte do rebanho leiteiro. Foram obtidas amostras de 3 pudus de uma fazenda de gado leiteiro, onde previamente havia sido confirmada a infecção por Map em bovinos. Os três pudus eliminavam a bactéria nas fezes, e os isolados fecais foram do mesmo tipo do Map relatado para os bovinos. Este estudo representa o primeiro relato de caso de isolamento do Map em pudu em vida silvestre. Também é a primeira associação documentada entre um rebanho leiteiro infectado com Map e a infecção de uma espécie silvestre de vida livre, tal como o pudu na região de Los Ríos, no Chile. A transmissão interespécies do Map, do mesmo modo que de outros patógenos de ruminantes para o pudu, já foi demonstrada, assim os resultados deste estudo sugerem que essa espécie de vida extensiva, que habita a mesma região leiteira no sul do Chile, pode representar mais um caso de repercussão ao hospedeiro.

A conciliação de papéis profissionais e familiares: o mecanismo psicológico de spillover / Work and family balance: the psychological mechanism of spillover

A maioria dos estudos sobre o tema da conciliação entre a vida profissional e familiar tem assumido uma perspectiva negativa e de conflito, focando as dificuldades nesta conciliação. Mais recentemente, as vantagens e aspectos positivos desta gestão têm sido analisadas. Neste artigo, sistematiza-se o principal mecanismo da análise da interface trabalho e família: o mecanismo psicológico de spillover. Discutem-se as diferentes dimensões de spillover (negativa e positiva), as direções de influência e tipologias de variáveis associadas. Considera-se que uma abordagem multidimensional permitirá uma análise completa da relação trabalho e família, sustentando medidas de apoio à conciliação que tenham em vista não só a diminuição das relações negativas, mas também a promoção das relações positivas entre as duas esferas.

Traditionally, research on the work-family interface has focused on the negative and conflicting aspects of this balance. Nevertheless, more recently, the advantages and benefits of multiple role occupation have been addressed. This paper analyses the main psychological mechanism of the work-family interface: the spillover effect. Spillover dimensions (positive and negative), directions, as well as variables associated to each type of spillover are discussed. We argue that a multidimensional approach to this issue will allow for a more complete understanding of the work-family relationship, which in turn will enable the creation of family-friendly measures directed at reducing negative interferences between work and family as well as directed at enhancing positive linkages.

Bats and Viruses: a Brief Review / 中国病毒学·英文版

Bats, probably the most abundant, diverse and geographically dispersed vertebrates on earth, have recently been shown to be the reservoir hosts of a number of emerging viruses responsible for severe human and livestock disease outbreaks. Flying foxes have been demonstrated to be the natural reservoir for Hendra and Nipah viruses. Evidence supporting the possibility of bats as potential reservoirs for SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Ebola virus has also been reported. The recent discovery of these viruses and other viruses occurring naturally in the bat population provides a unique insight into a diverse pool of potentially emergent and pathogenic viruses. The factors which influence the ability of zoonotic viruses to effectively cross the species barrier from bats to other animal populations are poorly understood. A brief review is provided here on the recently emerged bat viruses and on current and future strategies for research in this area.

Brief Analysis on the Spillover Effects of Multinational Pharmaceutical Enterprises'Research&Devel-opment Institutions in China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To bring the spillover effects of multinational pharmaceutical enterprises'Research&Develop-ment institutions intofull play in China.METHODS:The routes for the exertion of spillover effects and the main restrictive factors of multinational pharmaceutical enterprises were analyzed and some strategies to enhance the spillover effects were put forward.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The absorbing ability of the domestic pharmaceutical enterprises should be enhanced in China;the flow of the personnel between the multinational enterprises and the domestic pharmaceutical enterprises should be accelerated.We should participate actively in the Research&Development system of multinational pharmaceutical enterprises,reinforce the protection of intellectual property and promote the Research&Development investment of multinational phar-maceutical enterprises in China.

A Refined Method for Quantification of Myocardial Blood Flow using N-13 Ammonia and Dynamic PET / 대한핵의학회잡지

Regional myocardial blood flow (rMBF) can be noninvasively quantified using N-13 ammonia and dynamic positron emission tomography (PET). The quantitative accuracy of the rMBF values, however, is affected by the distortion of myocardial PET images caused by finite PET image resolution and cardiac motion. Although different methods have been developed to correct the distortion typically classified as partial volume effect and spillover, the methods are too complex to employ in a routine clinical environment. We have developed a refined method incorporating a geometric model of the volume representation of a region-of-interest (ROI) into the two- compartment N-13 ammonia model. In the refined model, partial volume effect and spillover are conveniently corrected by an additional parameter in the mathematical model. To examine the accuracy of this approach, studies were performed in 9 coronary artery disease patients. Dynamic transaxial images (16 frames) were acquired with a GE AdvanceTM PET scanner simultaneous with intravenous injection of 20 mCi N-13 ammonia. rMBF was examined at rest and during pharmacologically (dipyridamole) induced coronary hyperemia. Three sectorial myocardium (septum, anterior wall and lateral wall) and blood pool time-activity curves were generated using dynamic images from manually drawn ROIs. The accuracy of rMBF values estimated by the refined method was examined by comparing to the values estimated using the conventional two-compartment model without partial volume effect correction. rMBF values obtained by the refined method linearly correlated with rMBF values obtained by the conventional method (108 myocardial segments, correlation coefficient (r)=0.88). Additionally, underestimated rMBF values by the conventional method due to partial volume effect were corrected by theoretically predicted amount in the refined method (slope(m)=1.57). Spillover fraction estimated by the two methods agreed well (r=1.00, m=0.98). In conclusion, accurate rMBF values can be efficiently quantified by t.